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Kakawin Ramayana
Kakawin Ramayana is an Old Javanese rendering of the Sanskrit Ramayana in ''kakawin'' meter.
It is believed to have been written in Central Java (modern Indonesia) in approximately 870 AD during the era of Medang Kingdom under the reign of Mpu Sindok. is a so-called ''kakawin'', the Javanese form of ''kāvya'', a poem modeled on traditional Sanskrit meters.
Among the Javanese, ''Kakawin Ramayana'' has always been considered the pinnacle of artistic expression. The large number of preserved manuscripts attest to it popularity and adaptation. It is the lengthiest of all the Old Javanese kakawins of the Hindu-Buddhist period of Java.
==Divergence==
The Javanese ''Ramayana'' differs markedly from the original Hindu prototype. The first half of this ''Ramayana Jawa'' is similar to the original Sanskrit version, while the latter half is divergent to the point of being unrecognizable by Indian scholars of the original ''Ramayana''. One of the many major changes is the inclusion of the all-powerful Javanese indigenous deity ''dhayana'' Guardian God of Java Semar (in Balinese literature known as Twalen) and his misshapen sons, ''Gareng'', ''Petruk'', and ''Bagong'' who make up the numerically significant four Punokawan or "clown servants". This latter, altered half of the original tale is the most popular, and it is performed in all ''wayang'' performances.〔Stutterhiem, WF: 1921: ''Rama-legenden und Rama reliefs in Indonesien''. Mueller, Munich: 1925.〕〔Hooykaas C. ''The Old Javanese Ramayana Kakawin''. The Hague: Nijhoff: 1955.〕〔KMusuem manuscript ''Kropak no. 1102 ''Ramayana'' '' of the Sundanese Lontar Collection (''Koleksi Lontar Sunda'' of 'Museum dan Kepustakaan Nasional Indonesia'', Jakarta National Museum.〕〔Netscher E. ''iets over eenige in de Preanger-regentschappen gevonden Kawi handschriften'' in ''Tiijdschroft van het Bataviaasch Genootschap''. Volume 1. pp469-479. Chapter ''Het verboden Tschiboeroej'' in Pleyte CM ''Soendasche Schetsen'' (Bandung Kolff C 1905. pp160-175.)〕〔Nurdin. J aka J. Noorduyn: 1971.''Traces of an Old Sundanese Ramayana Tradition'' in ''Indonesia'', Vol. 12, (Oct., 1971), pp. 151-157 Southeast Asia Publications at Cornell University. Cornell University: 1971〕〔Hatley, Barbara: 1971. "Wayang and Ludruk: Polarities in Java'' in ''The Drama Review'': TDR, Vol. 15, No. 2, ''Theatre in Asia'' (Spring, 1971), pp. 88-101. MIT Press: 1971〕〔(Suryo S. Negoro. ''Semar''. in ''Joglo Semar'' (''Semar's mansion'') )〕〔()〕〔()〕〔()〕〔()〕〔()〕
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